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1 a 2 f 3 e 4 c 5 d 6 b 7 g6a1 activities 2 facilities 3 friends4 independent 5 abroad 6 residence7 loan

Reading p

1

Students’ own answers2a 3 b 1 c 4 d 2 e 531 d 2 c 3 b 4 a 5 e 6 c4Example answerI think these subjects aren’t too specialised.It’s a good idea to study somethingunusual because you are more likely to beinterested and study more. Also they oftengive you very specific skills that are moreuseful in the workplace. Furthermore, anunusual degree could make your CV standout in a competitive marketplace.In my opinion, these subjects are toospecialised and they are a bad thingbecause your employment options are verynarrow when you finish your degree. Youcan’t transfer your skills easily to anothersubject area. Also, they are often not veryacademically rigorous so they don’t showwhat you are intellectually capable of.5uni = short form of ‘university’drives me mad = makes someone feelextremely angry or upsetin great depth = in a very detailed way andgiving a lot of informationimplications = possible results or effectshands-on = hands-on experience ortraining involves you doing somethingrather than just reading about it orwatching other people do itspecialise = to be an expert in a particularpart of a subject or profession6Students’ own answers

Grammar in context pp8–

1a1 present simple 2 present continuous3 present simple 4 present continuous5 present simple1ba 1 b 3 c 5 d 2 e 421 understand 2 goes 3 is coming4 are getting 5 usually walks, is going6 Do you wear 7 don’t agree8 sounds3a1 constantly 2 always 3 forever4 continually3bStudents’ own answers

Unit 1

Vocabulary p

1aStudents’ own answers1banthropology, archaeology, art, science(biology, chemistry, physics), economics,languages (English, French, Spanish,German, etc.), geography, history2 and 3undergraduate (noun) /ˌʌndə(r)ɡrædʒʊət/ – astudent who is studying for a first degreeat a college or university. A student whoalready has a first degree is a graduate.graduate (verb) /ˈɡrædʒueɪt/ – to completeyour studies at a university or college,usually by getting a degreedegree (noun) /dɪˈɡriː/ – a course of studyat a university, or the qualification that youget after completing the coursemaster’s (noun) /ˈmɑːstə(r)z/ – a universitydegree that students get if they study forone or two years after their first degreelecture (noun) /ˈlektʃə(r)/ – a talk to a groupof people about a particular subject,especially at a college or universitytutorial (noun) /tjuːˈtɔːriəl/ – a lesson in whicha student or a small group of studentsdiscusses a subject with a tutor, especiallyat university or collegeterm (noun) /tɜː(r)m/ – one of the periodsof time into which the year is divided forstudents. In the UK, there are usually threeterms: the autumn term, the spring termand the summer term.continuous assessment (noun) /kənˈtɪnjʊəsəˈsesmənt/ – a way of judging a student bylooking at the work that they do during theyear instead of or in addition to looking attheir examination resultscoursework (noun) /ˈkɔː(r)sˌwɜː(r)k/ – schoolwork that a student must do as part of acourse of study, with the mark that theyachieve forming part of their exam resultassignment (noun) /əˈsaɪnmənt/ – work thatyou must do as part of a course of study oras part of your jobtutor (noun) /ˈtjuːtə(r)/ – a teacher in acollege or universitygrade (noun) /ɡreɪd/ – a letter or numberthat shows the quality of a student’s workmark (noun) /mɑː(r)k/ – a school scorenotes (noun plural) /nəʊts/ – details fromsomething such as a lecture or a book thatyou write down so that you can rememberthemresit (verb) /ˌriːˈsɪt/ – to take an examinationagain after failing it previously41 veterinary medicine 2 lecture3 mark 4 undergraduate 5 tutor6 coursework/assignment 7 psychology8 resit it

4a1 ’s forever playing 2 studies3 ’re always leaving 4 ’s constantly saying5 coach4bStudents’ own answers5Students’ own answers6a1 a 2 b 3 d 4 c6b1 present perfect continuous2 present perfect simplePresent perfect simple: subject + has/have

• past participlePresent perfect continuous: subject +has/have been + verb + -ing6c1 present perfect simple 2 presentperfect continuous 3 present perfectsimple 4 present perfect continuous71 For goes with periods of time, like threehours, ten minutes, a long time. It goes justbefore the time period.2 Since goes with points in time, like 1990,Christmas, last week. It goes just beforethe time period.3 Ever means ‘sometime before now’. Itis used in questions, e. Have you ever/Haven’t you ever ...?, and in negativestatements, e. Nobody has ever travelledthere before. It goes between have andthe past participle.4 Never means ‘at no time before’ and itis used in negative statements, e. I’venever been to New York before. It goesbetween have and the past participle.5 Just means ‘not so long ago’. It comesbetween have and the past participle, e.They have just gone out.6 Already shows an action has beencompleted. It comes between have andthe past participle: I have already heardthat song.7 Yet means ‘up to a specified time’ andis used only in the negative and questionforms of the present perfect tense. It isnormally placed at the end of a sentence,e. I haven’t been to the supermarket yet.81 She’s failed 2 since 20123 We went 4 I’ve been doing5 has just had 6 has painted7 for five hours 8 I’ve lost9 I haven’t done 10 I’ve been waiting9aExample answers1 How long have you lived here?2 How long have you been watching TV?3 Have you ever done a bungee jump?4 How many times have you eaten sushi?5 What have you been doing all day?6 Have you just had your lunch?9bStudents’ own answers

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Student D: question 3Student E: question 6Student F: question 13All the students answer the questions wellexcept Student C who does not give reasonsor personal details to support their answer.It’s a good idea to give reasons andpersonal details because it helps promotefurther conversation. A short response canindicate that you are annoyed, uninterestedor very shy.4Students’ own answers5Students’ own answers61 playing, doing 2 go, walk3 not to stay 4 writing 5 write, do6 to go, (to) fly7aStudents’ own answers7bStudents’ own answers

Developing writing p

1

What have you been dong recently?Which month do you think is better, July orAugust?What do you think is the best way for meto do that?Please let me know what type of thingsyou’d like to do here.2informal wordsHi! as a greetingsimple sentencescontractions (I’ve, I’d, etc.)Best wishes at the end3a 3 (Hello ..., Hey ...)b 4 (Great to hear from you. Thanks fortelling me all your news. I just wanted toget in touch about ...)c 5 (What have you been up to? Whathave you been doing recently/lately? Howhave you been?)d 1 (On another note ..., That remindsme ...)e 2 (I’ll be in touch soon. See you!)4Students’ own answers5Paragraph 2: Describe the best time tovisit my country/ the best way to learn mylanguageParagraph 3: Describe things I’d like to doin EnglandParagraph 4: Say goodbye6Students’ own answers

Listening p

1

Suggested answersUseful ideas are 1, 2 (as long as all thestudents are focused on revising), 3, 4, 6, 8(breaks should be short and involve drinkingwater and taking some exercise), 9.2The boy mentions ideas 7, 5 and 10.He hasn’t prepared well for the exam.31 b 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 a4Students’ own answers

Grammar in context p12–

1

2 g 3 f 4 c 5 d 6 b 7 e 8 i9 h 10 e2aa to think b revising c to used keeping e doing f Leavingg to check h to get i to havej singing k singing l cyclingm to help n to keep o listening2bStudents’ own answers31 to pass 2 studying 3 correct4 to find 5 to pass 6 correct7 failing 8 studying41 to finish 2 Starting 3 taking4 creating 5 leaving, to check6 to complete 7 answering5aExample answers1 Do you enjoy going out in the evening?2 When you sleep, do you ever dream of falling?3 Have you ever thought of being famous?4 Do you find it difficult to study?5 Have you ever considered changing schools?6 Do you think that you are brave enough to jump out of a plane?7 Would you like to be the first person to live on Mars?8 Are you interested in studying Surf science and technology?9 At the weekend, do you ever go mountain biking?10 Next year do you want to study anotherlanguage?5bStudents’ own answers

Developing speaking p

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1 a 2 d 3 c 4 b 5 b 6 c2Student A: question 2Student B: question 4Student C: question 5

Developing vocabulary p

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do – a course, an assignment, an exam,chores, homework, the shopping, thewashing, wellmake – a cake, a decision, a noise, friends,the dinner21 do 2 do 3 make 4 do5 make 6 do3a made b made c do d is doinge is making f do g do h are makingi do j do k make l make m don do4aStudents’ own answers4bStudents’ own answers

Gateway to life skills pp10–

1aStudents’ own answers1bStudents’ own answers2Students’ own answers31 D 2 A 3 B 4 F 5 G 6 E 7 C41 Students are busy people.2 The sooner you start, the earlier you finish.3 It can encourage you to continue.4 Your phone, social media networks,friend’s posts, videos, your family.5 No, you have to be prepared forpotential problems.6 Start at the date you need to finish andcalculate how long you need to do eachstep, and you will find the date you needto start.5Suggested answersSam: He wants advice on managing freetime and study time.Vanessa: She wants to know more aboutstudy buddies and if they do help.Bea: She wants to know how to scheduleher time in a more balanced way.Chris: He wants advice on any tools orresources to help with time management.6Suggested answersSam: prioritise tasks and make a timetableVanessa: study buddies help you focus,and help you to understand difficultconcepts and your positionBea: prioritise your work, set yourself atimerChris: talk to your teacher, use websitesand books, use a timer and set yourselfhalf-hour working time and five-minutebreaks7Students’ own answers

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Developing speaking p

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Students’ own answers21 how dangerous the different jobs are2 decide which of these jobs you think isthe most dangerous3 firefighter4 Students’ own answers31 yes 2 yes 3 no 4 yes 5 no4Suggested answers1 Asking your partner’s opinion2 Agreeing3 Disagreeing5Students’ own answers6Students’ own answers

Developing writing p

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Students’ own answers2Students’ own answers3Yes, it follows the paragraph plan inexercise 2.4a As far as I’m concerned b To begin withc Furthermore d On the other hande I agree with this f To sum up5Expressing opinionsAs far as I’m concerned, I agree with thisAdding opinionsTo begin with, FurthermoreContrasting opinionsOn the other handConcludingTo sum up6aStudents’ own answers6bStudents’ own answers

Language checkpoint: Unit 2

Grammar revision p

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a got b looked c was shiningd was looking e saw f were playing21 used to 2 studied 3 usually 4 had5 use 6 both correct 7 didn’t use to31 had been waiting 2 had been painting3 had written 4 correct 5 had eaten6 correct 7 had finished

2

Speaker 1 : CSpeaker 2 : BSpeaker 3 : FSpeaker 4 : ESpeaker 5 : A3Students’ own answers

Grammar in context pp24–

1aa I finished school.1bbefore1csubject + had/hadn’t + past participle21 had written 2 had started 3 stepped4 hadn’t spoken 5 blew 6 had seen7 had eaten3Suggested answers1 someone had locked it.2 she had answered the questions well.3 I hadn’t done my homework.4 she had missed the bus.5 he had dropped his ice cream.6 someone had seen a shark.7 he had eaten too much pizza.8 they hadn’t taken an umbrella with them.4a1 past perfect continuous 2 pastperfect simple 3 past perfect continuous4 past perfect simple4bSentences 1 and 3 with the past perfectcontinuous give more importance toduration. Sentences 2 and 4 with the pastperfect simple give more importance to thecompletion of the action.4chad + been + verb + -ing51 been waiting 2 had 3 eaten4 written 5 lost 6 been crying7 been talking62 He hadn’t studied hard enough.3 She’d been working all morning in thegarden.4 She’d been studying for hours.5 He’d read it twice before.6 He hadn’t paid attention to his teacherall year.7aShe kept working even though she was amillionaire; to set a good example to herchildren.7ba been b had c for d up e didn’tf made g were h doing i earnedj have7cStudents’ own answers

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1 used to 2 lived 3 didn’t use to4 both 5 met 6 both 7 used to7a lived b didn’t have c used to workd would do e would write f used to loveg jumped h died i saved

Developing vocabulary p

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1 d 2 g 3 h 4 b 5 c 6 a 7 f8 e21 Keep at 2 get ahead 3 fill in4 turned, down 5 set up 6 keep upwith 7 work on 8 took, over3a1 on 2 up with 3 ahead 4 up

Gateway to life skills pp22–

1

Students’ own answers2Students’ own answers3Suggested answers2 salary, well paid3 enjoy, salary isn’t ... important4 in-service training, chance to keep onlearning, interesting, new opportunities5 working with others, team, deal withpeople6 long holidays, flexibility to work fromhome, fewer hours7 outdoor, connected with theenvironment or nature8 travel, different countries, see the world9 prospects, getting ahead, moreresponsibility, getting a promotion,challenging4aStudents’ own answers4bThe example shows most important = in-service training, least important = outdoors4cStudents’ own answers5Deana: YesJames: NoTope: Yes61 D 2 T 3 D 4 J 5 D, J 6 D, T7 J 8 J

Listening p

1

Example answersI think a gap year sounds good becauseyou can have a break from studying beforeyou go to university.I think a gap year is a bad thing becausemany people don’t do anything useful orinteresting, and they get out of the habit ofstudying.

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I think the self-driving car is useful becausewhile you are on the move you can doanything you want.I think drones are very useful because theycan do dangerous work more cheaply andsafely than humans can.I think the lunar space elevator is afascinating idea, but it’s not very useful.5boldest = riskiestcapsule = the part of a space vehicle inwhich people travelcurrently = at the present timesharp increase = sudden riseself-driving = an autonomous or driverlessvehiclenorm = something that is normal orexpecteddrawing up = to prepare or writesomething6Students’ own answers

Grammar in context pp34–

1aa be going to b present continuousc be going to d will e present simple1b1 be going to 2 be going to 3 will4 the present continuous 5 the presentsimple1c1 will 2 will 3 the present simple21 future fact 2 sudden decision3 prediction based on opinion4 prediction based on expectations5 future fact 6 sudden decision31 starts 2 ’ll 3 ’s going to rain4 correct 5 ‘s talking 6 are going7 are, doing 8 ’m going to eat9 correct 10 ’s going to drop4a1 will land, am 2 will be/is3 are meeting 4 are, going to do5 will snow 6 ’s going to have7 ’ll open 8 get, ’ll switch 9 ’m seeing10 ’s going to rain4bStudents’ own answers5a have b are going to become c ared will be e off f will be g won’th are talking

Developing vocabulary p

1a1 mis 2 post 3 under 4 over5 inter 6 dis 7 re 8 co 9 sub-10 super21 disappeared 2 underpaid3 misunderstood 4 sub-zero 5 rewrite6 overbooked 7 superhuman

Paragraph 3: ideas for partyParagraph 4: suggest a time to meet onThursday; say goodbye7Students’ own answers8Example answers‘Helicopter’ parents and ‘lawnmower’parents are good because they supporttheir children.I think ‘helicopter’ and especially‘lawnmower’ parents are a bad thingbecause children don’t learn to becomeindependent and take care of themselves.

Listening p

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Speaker 1 : CSpeaker 2 : FSpeaker 3 : BSpeaker 4 : ASpeaker 5 : D10Students’ own answers

Speaking p

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Students’ own answers12Students’ own answers

Unit 3

Vocabulary p

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Students’ own answers21 crew 2 traffic jam 3 the Underground/subway/tube 4 spacecraft 5 take off6 land 7 gate31 stand away from the edge of the platform2 shouldn’t 3 shouldn’t 4 a, West5 need 6 bags41 trip 2 voyage 3 Travel 4 journey5 trips 6 voyages 7 travel 8 trip5Students’ own answers

Reading p

1

Students’ own answers21 Hyperloop2 electric car, sports car, high-speed train,planes, supersonic air travel, self-drivingcar, flying cars, drones, elevator31 c 2 b 3 f 4 a 5 e 6 d4Example answersI think the Hyperloop is very useful as it ismuch faster than ordinary transport andmore ecological.

Vocabulary revision p

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1 for 2 dealing 3 employee4 earn 5 skilled 6 shift 7 overtime8 qualifications21 set up = start a new business, office, etc.2 get ahead = progress faster than otherpeople3 turn down = not accept an offer, requestor application4 work on = spend time working orimproving something5 fill in = add information on a document6 take over = take control of something3a look b applied c redundantd unemployed e fired/sacked/dismissedf offered

Gateway to exams: Units 1–

Reading p

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Example answersOn an Erasmus exchange, students spendat least three months studying in a universityin one of the 30 countries involved in theprogramme.Some of the advantages of this exchangecould include: it looks good on your CV, youlearn life skills, you make an internationalnetwork of friends and have fun, youdiscover a different culture, and you learnanother language.21 Students’ own answers2 Nelly Samuels – modern history, JohnVaughan – business, Teresa Lopez – mediastudies, Keith Johnson – politics31 B 2 C 3 A 4 C 5 D 6 A7 D 8 C4Students’ own answers

Writing p

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Students should answer these questions intheir reply:How are you?What do you think (about the welcomehome party)?Could you come and give me a handgetting things ready on Thursdayafternoon?Apart from food, is there anything that youcan think of that would make the partyreally special?6Suggested answerParagraph 1: greeting, say how I am,mention pizza placeParagraph 2: the party is a good idea; yes,I can help

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8aExample answers1 A professional musician needs to begifted and play at least one instrumentextremely well. To be a professionalmusician, you have to be very ambitious asit is very difficult to succeed as a musician.2 The director of an international bankneeds to be clever, because you need tounderstand complex numerical operations.You need to be self-confident, serious,reliable and assertive because you are theleader.3 To be the President, you need to be veryself-confident and determined becauseyou receive a lot of criticism. You need tobe hard-working and serious because thereare many difficult situations that you haveto face.4 A Formula 1 driver has to be hard-working and talented. You also need tobe self-confident as drivers deal with themedia a lot. They work in teams so it helpsto be outgoing and friendly.5 A TV presenter needs to be outgoingand friendly. It usually involves many hoursin the studio so you need to be hard-working, patient and ambitious to succeedin this job. Because you are in the publiceye, you need to be self-confident8bStudents’ own answers

Reading p

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Suggested answerIn one photo, I can see Dynamo walking onwater. In the other photo, he is holding apack of cards.2No he didn’t have an easy childhood. Hehad a serious stomach illness and wasbullied for being weak and shy.31 b 2 a 3 c 4 c 5 c4Example answerI think Dynamo is successful because heworks hard. He spent thousands of hourspractising tricks when he was younger.5pack of cards = a box containing cards forplaying gamestalked his way = to persuade someone tolet you do somethingsurface = the top layer or outside part ofsomethingbegging = asking for something in a waythat shows you want it very muchdistraction = something that getsyour attention and prevents you fromconcentrating on anything else6Students’ own answers

3

1 I can’t go out at 7 o’clock because I’ll bedoing my homework then.2 ✓3 ✓4 I can write a summary of the booktomorrow because I’ll have read it by then.5 At 5 o’clock next Saturday I’ll beplaying basketball.6 I can’t give you my assignment tomorrowbecause I won’t have finished it.7 ✓8 ✓

Vocabulary revision p

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1 platform 2 crew 3 landed4 traffic jam 5 gate 6 high-speed7 space station 8 launch21 trip 2 travel 3 voyage 4 journey5 trip31 misunderstand 2 unexpected3 incapable 4 overbooked5 unnecessary 6 disobey 7 postgraduate

Unit 4

Vocabulary p

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friendly – unfriendly, kind/outgoinghard-working – lazy, diligentpatient – impatient, consideratepolite – impolite/rude, courteousquiet – noisy, reservedreliable – unreliable, dependableserious – fun-loving, solemntidy – untidy/messy, neat2Students’ own answers3big-headed – modest, down-to-earthgood-natured/easygoing – bad-temperedimmature – maturenarrow-minded – broad-mindedoutgoing – shy, reservedself-confident – insecuretactless – tactful, sensitivegifted = with an impressive natural abilitytalented = someone who is talented is verygood at something4Students’ own answers5Students’ own answers61 ambitious +/pushy –2 self-confident +/arrogant –3 bossy –/assertive +4 frank +/brusque –5 stubborn –/determined +71 bossy/self-confident 2 tactless/big-headed 3 stubborn/slow

Grammar in context pp46–

1acomparative: 1, 3, 4, 7superlative: 2, 5, 61badjectives: 2, 4, 7adverbs: 1, 3, 5, 62 Adjective Comparative Superlative long longer the longest slow slower the slowest big bigger the biggest thin thinner the thinnest friendly friendlier the friendliest tidy tidier the tidiest ambitious more ambitious

the mostambitioushard-working more hard-working

the mosthard-workinggood better the bestbad worse the worstfar farther/further the farthest/furthestlittle(determiner)

less the least

RulesFor one-syllable adjectives, add -er tomake the comparative and -est to makethe superlative. (If an adjective ends in -e,this is removed before adding -er/-est, e.wide, wider, widest.)If a one-syllable adjective ends in a singlevowel letter followed by a single consonantletter, the consonant letter is doubled beforeadding -er/-est, e. big, bigger, biggest.If an adjective ends in a consonant followedby -y, -y is replaced by -i when adding -er/-est, e. friendly, friendlier, friendliest.For many two-syllable and all three-syllableadjectives, form the comparative with moreand the superlative with most. (For sometwo syllable adjectives, both -er and moreforms are possible.)3a1 b 2 c 3 a3ba better, worse, lessb more carefully, more quietly, more easily,more beautifully, more oftenc faster, harder, earlier, later, longer,sooner, nearer41 In my opinion, Caleb is the friendliestperson in this class.2 I think Emma is slightly taller than Claire.3 That is definitely the silliest thing I’veheard today!4 You can write much quicker on acomputer than by hand.5 Sorry I couldn’t come sooner.6 Is it much further to your house?

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Grammar in context pp50–

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Students’ own answers21 a, a programme 2 b, the programme,the series 3 d, the world 4 e, the bestdiver, the first 5 c, nurses, patients,emergencies31 –, –2 a, a, a3 the, –4 –5 The, the6 a, –, –7 an, the, a8 –, the4a a b an c an d – e a f theg the h a i the j the5One of the most interesting episodes ofHidden Talent was about a boy calledJames Whinnery. He was only 19. Theydiscovered that the boy had a specialtalent for (1) the languages. He learnt(2) the Arabic in just 19 weeks. He did atest working in (3) a Turkish restaurant for aday talking to the waiters in Arabic. Then,for his training, they say he learnt (4) thenew words – one hundred words each day!At the end of the episode, he travelled toJordan and they interviewed him in Arabicon a special programme. Of course, nobodycan really learn (5) a new language in just19 weeks. But James learnt a lot of things inthat time. It seems that sometimes (6) theTV programmes can have (7) a positiveeffect on people and their lives.61 too 2 enough 3 such 4 so5 too, enough 6 so, such71 too 2 a 3 enough 4 to 5 –6 so 7 enough 8 such 9 so81 are so good that everyone 2 too cold to3 are good enough to 4 such a coldday that 5 isn’t self-confident enough to6 sing well enough9aSuggested answers1 they could go all day without seeingeach other!2 she built herself a golden palace.3 he ended up without any friends.4 get up in the morning and spent everyday in bed.5 climb that mountain.6 I’ll pass all my exams first time.7 he can do university level maths.9bStudents’ own answers

4

1 That some people believe this is whatshows you are clever, but this is only onetype of intelligence.2 Because people are good at differentthings.3 It is difficult to measure intelligencebecause it depends on what type ofintelligence you are talking about.4 Children who have access to musicalinstruments can become great musiciansif they start early; bilingual or multilingualchildren.5a 5 b 4 c 1 d 3 e 7 f 2 g 66Students’ own answers7Intelligence 1 : use flashcards for difficultconcepts, extensive notesIntelligence 2 : organise notes inalphabetical/numerical orderIntelligence 3 : use graphs or mind mapsIntelligence 4 : use music to rememberconcepts and wordsIntelligence 5 : use real-life examples torelate to conceptsIntelligence 6 : set up a study group, talkto a classmateIntelligence 7 : keep a journal, study in aquiet area8Students’ own answers

Listening p

1

Example answers1 I would like to try rock climbing, but Ithink it looks very risky.2 People who like doing extreme sports.3 I think you have to train a lot to do thisand be very fit.21 T 2 T 3 F 4 NM 5 T 6 F7 NM 8 T31 9002 nine3 She’s a grandmother and very busy.4 60 metres5 it is surrounded by water; bad weather6 one in 4007 how to watch body language and tonotice typical things we say when we’renervous8 It’s a pity to spend our lives not realisingwe have a special talent.4Example answers1 I think I would like to watch this TV seriesbecause it is different from ordinary talentshows. I love watching other people begood at things.2 I would love to do tests to see if I havea hidden talent because it could changemy life.

7 You need to try harder if you want to bea professional illusionist.8 Houdini was one of the most famousillusionists in the world.9 That film was terrible! It’s the leastinteresting film I’ve ever seen.10 She did better than me in the test.5aStudents’ own answers5bStudents’ own answers6a We use as ... as to say two things arethe same.b We use not as ... as or, not so ... as orless ... than to say that the second personor thing is more ... than the first one.c Students’ own answers71 is as enjoyable as playing 2 is lesshealthy than 3 faster you walk, the4 is not as good as 5 as quickly as6 much less difficult to write 7 talleryou are, the easier 8 better and better82 c 3 a 4 g 5 e 6 b 7 d

Developing vocabulary p

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actor, artist, politician, writer2actor, actionappearanceconfidencecreator, creationdifferenceeducation, educatorelectricity, electricianemployment, employerhappinessimprovement, improverinvention, inventorinvestigation, investigatormadnessmusician, musicalityrelevancescientist3a scientists b importance c electricityd creation e inventor f improvementsg disappearance h ability i difference

Gateway to life skills pp48–

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Suggested answersGarry Kasparov, Marie Curie,William Shakespeare, Galileo Galilei,Nicolaus Copernicus, Leonardo da Vinci,Albert Einstein2aStudents’ own answers2bStudents’ own answers31 doesn’t mean 2 isn’t 3 can’t4 doesn’t stay 5 affect

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1 Can you pick up some milk on the wayhome?2 That coat is expensive, but I’m going tosplash out on it.3 We need to cut back on luxury items.4 We haven’t got much money, but weget by.5 I can’t go to the concert because Ineed to set money aside for the summerholidays.6 You should buy the game now becausethey’re selling out fast.7 I’ll pay back the money you lent metomorrow.8 The book was £10 and the magazinewas £2 so the total came to £12.31 aside 2 back 3 out 4 out 5 by6 up4Students’ own answers

Gateway to life skills pp62–

1

1 b 2 a 3 d 4 c2Students’ own answers31 £750 a month for accommodation2 Credit card debt £3,3 38% splash out more often than theyshould4 Average overdraft £1,41 T 2 F 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 F7 T 8 F51 Both – students are often influenced tospend more than they have; banks throwcredit at students2 payday loans, store cards, not enoughfinancial education at school or at home3 Students’ own answers4 withdraw cash and only spend that;resist temptation to use debit card; avoidaccounts with overdraft facilities; checkbank account regularly; discuss money withfriends; use discount card61 developing budgeting skills as ateenager will help you in the future2 before you buy anything, ask if it is anessential purchase; only take out the cashyou need from the cashpoint3 look at your income; look at how muchyou’re spending; look how much moneyyou have left4 to trace where your money is going inorder to better plan your money5 contactless payment means thatsometimes we spend more money than wewant to7Students’ own answers

3

1 had 2 has 3 ought 4 aren’t5 needn’t 6 mustn’t4Suggested answersYou can’t use your mobile phone at school.You don’t have to wear a school uniform.You had better not talk in Mrs Williams’class – she’s very strict.You must start learning our languagebecause most of our lessons aren’t in English.You mustn’t chew gum in the class.You needn’t buy textbooks – the school willlend them to you.You ought to buy a big rucksack to carryyour books.5a1 had to/ needed to2 needn’t have3 didn’t have to, didn’t need to4 weren’t allowed to/couldn’t5 should/ought to have/shouldn’t have5bhave + past participle61 You should have asked them for advice.2 She had to arrive on time every morning.3 Did you have to go to the meeting?4 We weren’t allowed to wear jeans andT-shirts.5 I needn’t have got up early (but I did).6 She didn’t need to wear a uniform (soshe didn’t).7 We ought to have worked as a team.71 I had to do the exercises last night.2 We needn’t have taken food to theparty, but we did.3 She ought to have revised for the exam.4 They weren’t allowed to go into the office.5 The plane needed to land.6 I didn’t have to show my receipt to theshop assistant.7 I shouldn’t have got angry with youyesterday.8aExample answersI didn’t have to wear a tie, but I had towear short trousers.I couldn’t run in the corridors.I had to arrive on time.I needed to go to the school doctor acouple of times.I needn’t have worried about secondaryschool, but I did.I ought to have studied more.I shouldn’t have talked so much in class.I wasn’t allowed to leave before 3 o’clock.8bStudents’ own answers

Developing vocabulary p

1

1 b 2 c 3 a 4 g 5 f 6 d7 h 8 e

3

1 We exchange items for services.2 You have to find the right person tobarter with.3 You don’t have to find ‘the right person’.4 Their uses gave them a basic value.5 They last for such a short time.6 They maintained their value over time,can be easily translated into prices andwere widely accepted.7 They were heavy to carry around.8 The first paper money was a type ofreceipt or note.9 The cash we carry around with us.10 It leads to higher prices and moneyloses its value.4Example answerI think society will become more collaborativeand we will share our things. The more youshare, the more points you will get.5barter = exchange goods or services forother goods or services instead of usingmoneymedium = a way of communicatinginformation and ideas, especially to a lotof peoplestandardising = keeping something the samewidely = by a lot of people, in a lot of placesworthless = having no value, or not useful6Example answersI think many people are thinking aboutgiving up money. Money is the cause ofunemployment, wars, crime, terrorism,pollution, etc. A lot of people are beginningto share resources and build a better worldfor everyone.I think people in general are motivated bymoney and profits. We have been doingthis for so long that it seems like a veryimportant part of our lives.

Grammar in context pp60–

1a1 have to/must/need to2 don’t have to/doesn’t need to/needn’t3 mustn’t/aren’t allowed to/can’t4 ought to/should/’d better1b1 to + infinitive: ought, have/don’t have to,allowed, need/don’t needthe infinitive without to: should, must/mustn’t,’d better, needn’t, can’t2 Do we all have to use money?3 It shouldn’t be something thatmaintains its value. You’d better not keepyour money in your pocket.4 You need to carry it all with you.5 had21 You mustn’t 2 Do you have to3 You needn’t open 4 She’d/had better5 We ought to 6 don’t need to have

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5

Students’ own answers6aStudents’ own answers6bStudents’ own answers

Developing writing p

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1 d 2 e 3 a 4 b 5 f 6 c2Students’ own answers31 He is writing to complain to the bankabout bad customer service after the cashmachine took his card.2 He wants a new card urgently, withoutpaying bank fees for the issue of this card.3 If there is no solution, he will considermoving his current account to another bank.42 caused me a great deal of inconvenience3 selected 4 wished 5 sufficient6 informed 7 I shall be forced to5■ Dear Sir or Madam; Yours faithfully, Jonathan Squire■ I am writing; I am disappointed; I have received; The incident has left; I would also like■ has caused me a great deal of inconvenience; through no fault of my own; I shall be forced to■ insert (put in); withdraw (take out); contact (call up)■ The incident has left me without my debit card and has caused me a great deal of inconvenience.■ Anderson Street; Sunday 21st December■ I am writing to complain about; I look forward to hearing from you very soon.6aStudents’ own answers6bStudents’ own answers

Language checkpoint: Unit 5

Grammar revision p

Grammar11 needn’t2 both correct3 don’t have to4 both correct5 Should6 mustn’t21 had to talk2 needn’t have worried3 mustn’t write4 ought to have read5 shouldn’t have lied6 didn’t need to get7 don’t have to write

5 William isn’t here. He must have gonealready.6 Let’s not buy her that DVD. I’m not sure,but I think she might have bought it already.7 You can’t have read that book already!It’s 600 pages long and you only startedyesterday!8 It can’t have rained last night becauseall the streets are dry.6a must have been b can’t have leftc must have had d may/might nothave been e may/might have workedf must have moved g may/might have had7aSuggested answers1 He must have won the lottery. He mighthave been successful in his business.2 She might have been tired. She can’thave studied enough.3 He must have done something wrong.He might have missed school.4 He can’t have been concentrating ondriving. He must have been tired.5 She must have been playing a betterplayer. She might have been ill that day.6 They must have lost the game. The teammight have played really badly.7 She must have gone on a fitnessprogramme. She might have started a newsport.8 She might have gone to an English-speaking country. She must have practiseda lot.7bStudents’ own answers

Developing speaking p

1

In both photos, ...In the first photo ..., but in the secondphoto ...One similarity/big difference is ...Another important difference is ...Compared with ...2Students’ own answers31 Students’ own answers2 No, just briefly and then she moves onto compare them.3 Which kind of shopping is moresuccessful? or What kind of shopping doyou enjoy more?4Speculating (when you are not exactly surewhat is happening in the photo)Comparing (to compare and contrast twophotographs)Using fillers (when you are trying to find aword or need time to think)Describing (to give a general and thenmore specific description of the photo(s) atthe beginning of the speaking exam)Giving opinions (to respond to a task whichasks you to state your opinion or preference)

Listening p

1

Suggested answerSomeone is touching a screen. There is alogo or financial symbol above the words‘touch to begin’.2Students’ own answers3Students’ own answers4a digital b files c real d mininge difficult f governments g dramaticallyh criminals i California j 64k identity l billion5Example answersI wouldn’t like to buy or use Bitcoinsbecause I think it is a sort of pyramidoperation run by cybercriminals.I would like to buy or use Bitcoins becauseit is going to be very popular. Just likegold, the more people want it, the higherthe price goes.

Grammar in context pp64–

1

1 We use might, may and could whenthere is a 50% possibility that somethingis or will be true. The negative forms aremay not and might not. We cannot use thenegative form of could when there is a 50%possibility that something isn’t true.2 We use must when we are 90% certainthat something is true.3 We use can’t when we are 90% certainthat something isn’t true.4 When we are speculating and makingdeductions, the opposite of must is can’t.2A a dollar bill/bank note B a calculatorC a wallet D a credit or debit cardE a receipt31 can’t 2 must 3 might not/may not4 may/might 5 must 6 can’t 7 must8 may/might, may not/might not41 We use may have, might have and couldhave when there is a 50% possibility thatsomething was true, but we cannot usecould have + past participle in the negativeform with this meaning.2 We use must have when we are 90%certain that something was true.3 We use can’t have when we are 90%certain that something wasn’t true.51 It’s only lunchtime and you look terrible.You must have had a bad morning.2 Somebody’s unlocked the door. It can’thave been Mike because he hasn’t got a key.3 I think Josh might have sent me anemail last night.4 Emma hasn’t replied to my email. Shemight not have received it.

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Chris: (healthy options at uni) fast-foodchains; (UK government) individual’sown choice; (encourage healthy eating)knowledge about what’s in food

Listening p

1

a scuba diving b surfing c pilates/gym2Speaker 1 : swimmingSpeaker 2 : basketballSpeaker 3 : water sportsSpeaker 4 : pilatesSpeaker 5 : diving3Speaker 1 : DSpeaker 2 : FSpeaker 3 : CSpeaker 4 : ESpeaker 5 : A4Students’ own answers

Grammar in context pp76–

1

1 past perfect 2 would (not) have +present perfect 3 the past21 ’d practised 2 would have become3 ’d been 4 would have got5 hadn’t explained 6 wouldn’t have learnt7 ’d injured31 She wouldn’t have caught a cold if shehadn’t gone running in the rain.2 If I had known how to play tennis properly,I wouldn’t have injured myself last week.3 The stadium would have been full if thematch had been important.4 She would have won the race if shehadn’t twisted her ankle.5 If we had drunk water before the race,we wouldn’t have been so thirsty.6 If the sun had shone, we would haveswum in the sea.7 If he had needed extra vitamins, hewould have taken them.42 If he’d had enough time yesterday, hewould have done sport./He would have donesport yesterday if he’d had enough time.3 If she hadn’t got up late, she wouldn’thave missed the bus./She wouldn’t havemissed the bus if she hadn’t got up late.4 If the water hadn’t been cold, I wouldhave swum./I would have swum if the waterhadn’t been cold.5 If we’d had rackets, we would have played./We would have played if we’d had rackets.6 If I’d had some sun cream, I would havesunbathed./I would have sunbathed if I’dhad some sun cream.7 If he hadn’t been afraid of water, he wouldhave learnt to surf./He would have learnt tosurf if he hadn’t been afraid of water.

9

Suggested answers1 your computer breaks down.2 she finishes all her homework.3 he hears you.4 you are over 18.5 I am sensible.6 the TV is switched off.

Developing vocabulary p

1aa 2 b 41b1 c 2 g 3 b 4 e 5 a 6 f 7 d21 back on your feet 2 keeps in shape3 pull through 4 black out 5 underthe weather31 keep 2 out 3 down 4 under4Students’ own answers

Gateway to life skills pp74–

1

Students’ own answers2Short-term benefits of healthy eating:appearance (skin, hair), energyLong-term benefits of healthy eating:prevent chronic diseasesBritish teenagers eat too much/many...:,saturated fats, added sugarsBritish teenagers eat too little/few...:dietary fibre, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin,calcium, magnesium, etc.31 slightly better2 teenage girls3 children from families with higher incomes4 none5 No, it is highest in socially deprivedchildren.6 School needs to highlight theimportance of good nutrition and providehealthy food and drink in schools7 Quite positive – there have beenimprovements, but there is still room forimprovement6Sam: (healthy options at uni) fruit andvegetables at cafés, no posters or campaigns;(UK government) campaigns for youngerchildren; (encourage healthy eating)change school menu, water more availableVanessa: (healthy options at uni) salad barin Students’ Union but next to fast-foodplace; (UK government) schools and canteensmore healthy options, students – limitedbudget, unhealthy foods; (encourage healthyeating) try something new, exotic fruitsBea: (healthy options at uni) fresh produce,salads; (UK government) sugar tax,dentists, supermarkets, conflicted agenda;(encourage healthy eating) change generalattitude, good relationship with food

disorder = an illness or medical conditionprevents us from = to stop us from doingsomethingroof (of mouth) = the hard top part of theinside of your mouth6Students’ own answers

Grammar in context pp72–

1a1 zero conditional2 second conditional3 first conditional1bzero conditional: 3, 5first conditional: 2, 4second conditional: 1, 62Suggested answers1 If you drink too much coffee, your heartbeats really fast.2 If you never do any exercise, you areunfit.3 If you only sleep a few hours a night, youget sick.4 If you eat a lot of junk food, you risk yourhealth.5 If you sit in front of a computer all day,you get bad eyesight.31 If I were/was the prime minister, I wouldban junk food.2 We’ll go to the concert if the ticketsaren’t too expensive./ We’d go to theconcert if tickets weren’t too expensive3 correct4 What will you do if it rains all daytomorrow?5 If I had a million pounds, I’d travelaround the world.6 If you mix blue and yellow, you get green.7 correct8 What will you do if you lose the match?/What would you do if you lost the match?41 would, live 2 had 3 go4 would, meet5aStudents’ own answers5bStudents’ own answers6a unless b Provided/Providing that,As long as c in case71 in case 2 as long as 3 unless4 as long as 5 providing 6 in case7 as long as81 unless you want to lose 2 provided(that) you bring 3 if I were/was tall4 if you don’t switch it 5 as long as youpromise 6 unless I meant 7 would goif I were/was 8 in case it

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1 pulled 2 weather 3 shape 4 top5 down 6 feet

Speaking p

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To describe: at the top, in the backgroundTo compare and contrast: in both photos,whereasTo speculate: can’t be, might haveTo give personal opinion: personally2Students’ own answers3Students’ own answers4Students’ own answers5Example answersPersonally, I like the second photo morethan the first. I prefer going away for theweekend for long walks or climbs morethan just being lazy on a beach.I love water sports and the sea and I’dlove to learn how to windsurf. I think yogamakes you feel calm and peaceful, but Iwould prefer to do windsurfing.

Listening p

6

Students’ own answers7a minerals b might c ten/d dehydrates e basketball f driversg teaspoons h Taurine i waste j diet8a minerals b might c ten d dehydratese basketball f drivers g teaspoonsh Taurine i waste j diet

Writing p

9a1 for 2 against 3 for 4 against9bStudents’ own answers10Paragraph 1 : State the topic of the essayusing general statementsParagraph 2 : Make points for (or against)Paragraph 3 : Make points against (or for)Paragraph 4 : Conclusion – restate themost important arguments and give yourown opinion11Students’ own answers

Use of English p

12

1 unless I really needed2 wish I’d drunk3 provided (that) you eat4 ’d better not go5 were allowed to drink6 picked up some orange juice7 look under the weather8 as long as you come

8 If her knee hadn’t hurt, she would havegone for a run./She would have gone for arun if her knee hadn’t hurt.51 the past perfect 2 about a past situation3 the past simple 4 a present situation5 would + infinitive 6 habitual behaviourthat we want to change61 had gone 2 would listen 3 knew4 would make 5 had seen 6 had7a only b hadn’t c wouldn’t d Unlesse didn’t f long g wouldn’t h take81 I wish I was/were on a beach right now.2 I wish you wouldn’t interrupt me whenI’m talking.3 If only I had studied more last night.4 correct5 correct6 If only I could pass my exams withoutstudying.9aStudents’ own answers9bStudents’ own answers

Developing speaking p

1

See Exam success (Speaking: Negotiatingand collaborating) on page 144.2Students’ own answers3Students’ own answers4aa choice b choose c best d bettere Let’s4bSee Speaking bank on page 26.5Students’ own answers

Developing writing p

1

Example answersThe photo shows a stressed-out womaneating fast food, speaking on the phone,and driving, all at the same time. It showsthe stress of modern life and how peopleneed to do too many things.2Students’ own answers3Students’ own answers4a1 Paragraph 1 : Introduce the topicParagraph 2 : Arguments forParagraph 3 : Arguments againstParagraph 4 : Conclusion2 In for-and-against essays, the argumentsare objective and equally balanced. Anopinion essay is subjective as you only giveyour side of the argument.

5

Introducing and sequencing argumentsFirstly,Adding argumentsWhat is more,Furthermore,In addition,Making contrastsOn the other hand,despite ...However,Expressing consequencesAs a result,Expressing opinionsI think thatConcludingAll in all,6Students’ own answers7Students’ own answers

Language checkpoint: Unit 6

Grammar revision p

1

1 wouldn’t eat (second conditional)2 had known (third conditional)3 would have called (third conditional)4 is (zero conditional)5 Will, give (first conditional)6 had gone (third conditional)7 will, tell (first conditional)8 would get (second conditional)21 They’ll let you in providing that you haveyour ID card.2 Take your mobile phone in case youneed to call me.3 We will win the match provided we doour best.4 They won’t need Danny in the teamunless someone is ill.5 We’ll be able to make sandwiches as longas Kate remembers to bring the bread.6 You won’t finish in time unless you hurry.31 I wish I was/were fit.2 I wish my sister would take less time inthe bathroom.3 If only I’d bought the concert ticketsyesterday.4 If only my parents would let me haveparties at home.5 I wish I hadn’t eaten such a big lunch.6 I wish I wasn’t/weren’t allergic to cats.

Vocabulary revision p

1

1 hip 2 lungs 3 thigh 4 kidney5 brain 6 forehead 7 tongue21 dizzy 2 allergic to 3 prescription4 pressure 5 fractured 6 over7 relieve

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1 seeing 2 arriving 3 for watching4 to go 5 not to tell 6 liking 7 to buy8 knowing61 Connor apologised to Emma for notwaiting for her.2 She warned Ashley not to come that waybecause it was dangerous.3 She accused Ella of taking the book fromthe library.4 Elizabeth promised to tell her mumexactly what had happened.5 Taylor denied taking the CD.6 William’s dad told him not to go out withhis friends that weekend.7 Cathy and Lucas agreed to help Larawith her homework the next day.8 The actor refused to let them take hisphoto.7Example answers1 Once somebody accused me of takingsomething in a shop.2 I once refused to go to school.3 When I was small, my parents insisted onvisiting my relatives every week.4 Once I promised to cook dinner for mymum.5 If you want to take up a new hobby, Isuggest you join the sports club.6 Somebody once congratulated me onscoring a goal in a football match.7 My parents have always warned me notto walk home alone at night.8 At school, they always tell you to workharder.8Students’ own answers

Developing speaking p

1

Students’ own answers2Students’ own answers3Girl: films don’t give enough importanceto women; the movie business needs morefemale writers and directors; female starscan be just as successful as male stars;examples are Sandra Bullock in Gravity andAnne Hathaway in Interstellar.Boy: agrees that there are not enoughfemale heroes in films, but he thinks thesituation is changing e. The HungerGames. They should use the test toevaluate a new film when writing thescreenplay.4Giving emphasisDon’t forget that ...There’s no doubt in my mind that ...I really do think that ...I’m totally convinced that ...You can’t deny that ...

2

1 Superfans are people who devote mostof their time to their passion.2 Very important – they would be nothingwithout the passion of their fans.3 Sarah M is the world’s most famoussuperfan.31 F 2 T 3 F 4 T 5 NM 6 T7 NM 8 F 9 T 10 NM4Students’ own answers

Grammar in context pp90–

1aReporting verbs that have a person:warn, remindReporting verbs that don’t have aperson: explain, claim1bexplain – to tell someone something in away that helps them understand it betterwarn – to make someone conscious of apossible problem or danger so that theywill not be hurtremind – to help someone to remembersomething that they have forgotten or notconsideredclaim – to say that something is true, eventhough there is no definite proof2aa announced b claimed c agreedd admitted e added f complainedg warned h promised2bb ‘Critics have destroyed my career.’c ‘I deserve criticism for my last film.’d ‘I didn’t put much effort into the role.’e ‘And it was made too quickly.’f ‘Critics have been making personalinsults about me in their reviews.’g ‘I will do something if they continue.’h ‘I will take legal action against them.’31 Tom complained that the film was tooshort.2 Andy admitted that he wasn’t very goodat remembering film titles.3 Danny promised that he wouldremember to give me my DVD back.4 The Prime Minister announced that thegovernment was going to spend moremoney on the arts.5 Jack claimed that he hadn’t known it wasillegal to download the film.6 Kate warned Josh that it was dangerousto sit too close to the screen.7 Jamie reminded Dave that the matchstarted at 7 pm.4a1 refuse 2 ask 3 suggest4 apologise for 5 criticise somebody for4bStudents’ own answers

Gateway to 21st century skills

pp88 and 89

1

Students’ own answers2Students’ own answers31 f 2 c 3 a 4 d 5 g 6 h7 b 8 e4b Some examples of successful projectsinclude a video game and a digital musicplayer.c Crowdfunding can work well for albums,books, films, video games, new technology,or even charities.d The artist or creator can make the itemas they want to make it without commercialpressures, for example.e You have to decide what you want toachieve and offer in return, and then youcan make a video explaining the projectand the rewards.f A way to raise money for a project froma large number of people, usually via theInternet.g They usually get rewards, and they feelpart of the project.h It’s very successful – in 2013 it was worthover $5 billion.5Students’ own answers6Students’ own answers7He used crowdfunding to fund a short filmthat he had written.Eighty people (backers) were involved infunding his project81 He chose the host for his campaignbecause it was the biggest and mostwell-known host, and it offeredinternational backers.2 The money was mainly used for hiringequipment and locations, and actors.3 James’s crowdfunding video was asimple and personal video of James talkingdirectly to the camera.4 It was a very effective video becauseJames reached his target of £3,500.5 If he did it again, he would have allowedmore time for getting all the informationready before beginning the crowdfundingcampaign.6 Yes, he does. Because you get to keepcreative control of the project and therearen’t many other ways to get the funding.

Listening p

1

Suggested answersThe photo shows a group of fans holdingout paper and pens for a celebrity to signtheir autograph.Students’ own answers

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tsunamis, volcanic eruptions,earthquakes: 80–90% of these happen inthe Pacific Ocean’s ‘Ring of Fire’epidemics: can occur anywhere, but mostlikely to occur in countries with poor healthand hygiene standardsfloods: most common in countries withmonsoons (periods of very heavy rainfall)such as India, Bangladesh and Sri Lankaforest fires: common in the western USAand Australia, sometimes in Mediterraneancountrieshurricanes: the Atlantic Ocean (these sametropical storms are known as cyclones in thenorthern Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal,and as typhoons in the western Pacific Ocean)landslides: can occur anywhere in theworld, but they are most likely to happenin places at the bases of steep slopes, atthe bases of drainage channels and ondeveloped hillsides4casualties – people who are injured orkilled in an accident or military actionaftershock – a small earthquake (= occasionwhen the Earth shakes) that happens aftera bigger onevictims – people who have been affectedby a bad situation, such as an accident oran illnesssurvivors – people who are still aliveafter an event that could have killed ordestroyed theminjuries – physical damage done to aperson or a part of their bodycollapsing – suddenly falling downput out – to make something stop burningtremors – movements in the Earth causedby an earthquakeash – the grey powder that remains aftersomething has burntmolten lava – rock in the form of hot liquidheading towards – moving in the direction ofpanic – a sudden strong feeling of fearor worry that makes you unable to thinkclearly or calmlyspreading – affecting more people as it ispassed from one person or place to anotherrefugees – people who leave their countryor their homes, especially during a war orother threatening eventtorrential (rain) – rain that falls fast and inlarge amountsswept across – moved or spread quicklythrough an areaburst their banks – if a river bursts its banks,water rises above its sides and spreadsover the surrounding areaevacuated – made to leave a building orarea because it is not safemud – very soft wet earthdestruction – damage that is so severethat something stops existing or can neverreturn to its normal state51 evacuate 2 sweeping 3 heading4 spreading 5 ash 6 survivors

Language checkpoint: Unit 7

Grammar revision p

1

1 he wasn’t able to 2 me I had to3 was on TV that night 4 that he hadnot passed 5 was sure those were their6 maybe they had made21 Charlie asked Holly where she had justbeen.2 He asked Jo if she wanted to go out thatnight.3 Lucy asked the boy if he could speakEnglish.4 Dave wondered if it would rain thefollowing week.5 Sophie wanted to know how they haddone that stunt.6 Grace asked Jack if he was going to buya car.7 Mum asked us what we had been doingthat morning.3a promised to do b accused one man ofmaking c refused to answer d admitteddoing e confessed to copyingf apologised for causing g told him notto do it

Vocabulary revision p

1

1 live 2 scene 3 lyrics 4 starred5 stage 6 role21 c, noun 2 f, noun 3 a, adjective4 g, noun 5 b, adjective 6 e, noun7 d, noun31 live stream 2 mobile device3 transfer 4 stream, download5 purchase 6 file-sharing sites

Unit 8

Vocabulary p

1aa earthquake b landslide c floodd volcanic eruption e drought1b1 epidemic /ˌepɪˈdemɪk/2 tsunami /tsuːˈnɑːmi/3 avalanche /ˈævəˌlɑːntʃ/4 forest fire /ˈfɒrɪst ˈfaɪə(r)/5 hurricane /ˈhʌrɪkən/2avalanche, drought, earthquake, epidemic,flood, forest fire, hurricane, landslide,tsunami, volcanic eruption3Suggested answersavalanches: snowy mountainous regions,e. the Alpsdroughts: usually happen between 15 and20 degrees latitude

Giving examplesFor instance,Take ..., for exampleWhat about the case of ...?Look at ...You only have to5Students’ own answers6aStudents’ own answers6bStudents’ own answers6cStudents’ own answers

Developing writing p

1

Students’ own answers2Students’ own answers3Paragraph 1 : introduction; facts about thebook and overviewParagraph 2 : plotParagraph 3 : opinionParagraph 4 : summary and recommendation4The use of adjectives good is limited andrepeated.5aStudents’ own answers5bMost are positive. The negative adjectivesare: awful, clichéd, predictable, scary (couldbe positive), stupid, terrible, unconvincing,uninspiring6Suggested answerLegend is a really amazing book forteenagers written by an American writercalled Marie Lu.The plot of the story is very grippingbecause you’re never really sure what isgoing to happen next.One clever thing about the book is bothJune and Day are narrators, so you knowexactly what each of them think. There aresome convincing scenes where June andDay’s feelings for each other change andthe plot takes lots of spectacular turns thatyou don’t expect.In my opinion, this book is really appealingfor teenagers because there is action andromance, but it also makes perceptive pointsabout loyalty to family, friends and yourcountry. I also like the brilliant descriptionsof how our world might be in the future.If you’re a fan of stories that combine action,realistic characters and vivid descriptions,you’ll love Legend.7aStudents’ own answers7bStudents’ own answers7cStudents’ own answers

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a have died b it was c reportedd thought e Some animals are knownf that animals are g is h claimed6Example answers1 People from my country are said to havea good sense of humour.2 It’s well known that eating too much saltis bad for your health.3 In the past, it was believed that the sunrevolved around the Earth.4 Last week in the news it was reportedthat the number of robberies had gone up.5 Students are expected to do theirhomework.6 Sometimes I’m known to be a bitforgetful.7Students’ own answers

Developing speaking p

1

1 T 2 F 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 F

2aStudents’ own answers2b1 25% 2 1/5 3 1/10 4 2/3 5 50%6 4/3rose gradually – went up slowlya sharp increase – a very quick risetripled – multiplied by threefell sharply – went down quickly and by alarge amounta slight increase – a small risefluctuated – changed frequentlystayed the same – did not changea dramatic rise – a large increasea significant decrease – an important fall41 rise, increase2 rise significant(ly)/sharp(ly)/dramatic(ally)3 fall significant(ly)/sharp(ly)/dramatic(ally)4 a third5 steadily6 significant7 significant(ly), sharp(ly), dramatic(ally)8 the majority5aSuggested answerThe pie chart shows different types ofnatural disasters. If we relate the effects ofthese disasters to the population of a place,we can say that over one third of peoplewere affected by storms. Over one quarterof people were affected by droughts and asimilar number of people were affected byfloods. Over one in twenty people wereaffected by earthquakes. Only about threein every hundred people were affected byextreme temperatures and just over oneper cent by epidemics

7 T (... her organisation has become aspecialist in helping out two or three monthsafter a disaster strikes.)8 NM (There is no reference to this in thelistening text.)41 (She was ... with a friend of hers ...)5 F (Petra uses her contacts in beauty andfashion to raise money.)

Grammar in context pp102–

1a1 It is the subject in the first part of thesesentences.2 We use the passive in the first part ofthe sentence because we want to make ageneral statement about people’s views,beliefs or opinions.3 The different tense shows if we aretalking about a present or past belief,thought, claim, expectation or knowledge.1bbelieve – to think that a fact is trueclaim – to say that something is true, eventhough there is no definite proofexpect – to think that something will happenknow – to have learnt or found out aboutsomethingreport – to provide information aboutsomething that exists or has happenedsay – to think something, or to have aparticular opinionthink – to believe something based on factsor ideas22 It was thought that the Earth was flat.3 It is claimed that natural disasters arebecoming more frequent.4 It has been said that an asteroid willdestroy the world one day.5 It is expected that a big volcano willerupt in Iceland soon.6 It is known that volcanic ash can have aterrible effect on planes.7 It was reported that people heard theeruption of Krakatoa over 3,000km away.8 It is said that one day an enormousearthquake with strike Los Angeles.31 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T41 Toads are said to sense earthquakes.2 Bees are known to be very important forthe environment.3 Global warming is claimed to beresponsible for many natural disasters.4 Many people were reported to havegone missing after the eruption.5 The Titanic was believed to have beenunsinkable.6 Everest wasn’t known to be the highestmountain until 1852.7 Pompeii is said to be the one of themost popular tourist attractions in Italy.8 A meteorite is believed to have causedthe extinction of dinosaurs.

4 The poster helps people understandhow complex treating Ebola is, what theprocess involves and to visualise howdonations will be used.41 Staff are not allowed to touch each otherto prevent infection.2 They plan exactly what they are going todo and what equipment they need.3 They remove their suits and disinfectthemselves.4 To prevent the spread of Ebola topeople who have other diseases withsimilar symptoms.5 They have to have had two negative labte